Clinical examination and differential diagnosis of diplopia

Authors

Efstathios Ameridis
Athanasios Tychalas
Rudolf Jobst
Aikaterini Mastrokosta
Panagiotis Petrou
Iakovos Tsiptsios

Keywords:

Diplopia, Maddox rod, cover-uncover test, palsies of occulomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves, nternuclear ophthalmoplegia

Abstract

Diplopia or double vision is the sensation of seeing 2 copies of a viewed object. It can be monocular
or binocular and may arise due to ophthalmic or neurological disorders. Diplopia can be objectively or
subjectively examined with the help of Maddox rod. Causes can be disturbed optical elements within the
eye (monocular diplopia) or they may concern the muscles that move the eye, the neuromuscular junction,
the ophthalmokinetic nerves or the brainstem (binocular diplopia).